Marine Sponges as Natural Oceanic Biofactories for Sustainable Drug Discovery Natural Product Chemistry
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Marine sponges (MS) are attracting a growing interest from the pharmaceutical industry due to their bioactive compounds. A large number of studies being done from MS as regards drug discovery, a multitude of reports on both bioprospecting to separation in addition to synthesis up to biological evaluation exist. The pharmaceutical potential of Actinobacteria and some other notable bioactive molecules, including kryptosiphon crypta, dragmacidin, phorboxazoles, and spirolides is excellent. Drug development can be a promising route from MS compounds, but the marine-derived drugs have been hindered by roadblocks such as sustainable supply of source organisms, process conditions and regulatory approval. Examples of the contribution of marine biodiversity to human health can be seen with compounds already in use such as eribulin, a chemotherapy agent obtained from Halichondria sponges and new drug leads from MS; advancements in biotechnology, chemical ecology and metagenomics have provided novel approaches to tackling existing problems helping pave the way for sustainable discovery and exploitation of potential clinically-relevant products found within the Antarctic environment. This review article reports the bioactive molecules exist from early periods of marine sponges, e.g. halichondrin B and papuamine, as well as their bioreactors for biosynthesis of natural products and natural/bioproducts of commercial importance. It will discuss how sponge–microbe symbiosis matters both in terms of driving innovation in drug discovery, informing sustainability challenges and now also presenting innovative solutions to some these issues.
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